The F-14 Tomcat, when making a catapult launch, goes from 0 to 160 miles per hour in just two seconds. This is a few knots above the speed at which the plane will stop flying and spin out of the air, which is the cause of almost all the tension in making a carrier landing. Chakri Naruebet Length: 182.6 m Speed: 25.5 knots Unit Cost: $336 million Country: Thailand Source: wikimedia.org The HTMS Chakri Naruebet, Thailand's largest aircraft carrier, actually has no aircraft of its own! For another, even that 35 knots may seem low to some due to the fact that previous ships have been able to reach comparable speeds. The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. If an aircraft needs to get gas, the pilot elevates to the tanker pattern, which . Its closest foreign rival, the HMS Queen Elizabeth, is right on its tail, being able to cruise at speeds in excess of 29 knots. Carrier airplanes use about 10 percent of the runway required by land-based aircraft. 33 TikTok( ) Flight Radar (@mk_dreamcarrier): "Delta airline landing at Amsterdam in a foggy morning #plane #landing #aviation #foryou".Thrust reversal | Thrust reversal- to reduce aircraft's speed after landing | original sound - ZULFI. ', [9] R. K. Ackerman. It also has the advantage of separating the recovery operation area from the launch area. Commissioned in 2001, she is the flagship of the French Navy. There are two main philosophies in order to keep the deck short: add thrust to the aircraft, such as using a Catapult Assisted Take-Off (CATO-); and changing the direction of the airplanes' thrust, as in Vertical and/or Short Take-Off (V/STO-). Specialist carrier evolution was well underway, with several navies ordering and building warships that were purposefully designed to function as aircraft carriers by the mid-1920s. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. A cable and pulley. [79] The first ship was commissioned in April 2021. Your email address will not be published. [61][62], On 12 November 2020, Atlntico was redesignated "NAM", for "multipurpose aircraft carrier" (Portuguese: Navio Aerdromo Multipropsito), from "PHM", for "multipurpose helicopter carrier" (Portuguese: Porta-Helicpteros Multipropsito), to reflect the ship's capability to operate with fixed-wing medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicles as well as crewed tiltrotor VTOL aircraft. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other ships of the same name, see USS Saratoga. There are five small light carriers in use capable of operating both fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters; Japan and Italy each operate two, and Spain one. Light aircraft carriers were fast enough to operate with the main fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Typical runways at airports range from 8000 feet to 13000 feet in length, but an aircraft carrier's runway is only around 500 feet long. This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. CAM ships were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range land-based German aircraft. This is a class of amphibious assault ship under construction by the HudongZhonghua Shipbuilding company. In order to prevent harmful jet discharge from going into unwanted places, a jet-blast deflector is placed directly behind the aircraft, pushing the discharge up into the air (see Fig. [76] China is also planning a modified class of the same concept, the Type 076 landing helicopter dock, that will also be equipped with an electromagnetic catapult launch system. Figure 1: The USS Nimitz is the current class of aircraft carriers that the Navy uses. That speed tends to be around 30 knots. The USS Gerald R. Ford can travel in excess of that speed. Set Flaps to mode 2. The Nimitz class is a class of ten nuclear-powered aircraft carriers in service with the United States Navy.The lead ship of the class is named after World War II United States Pacific Fleet commander Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, who was the last living U.S. Navy officer to hold the rank.With an overall length of 1,092 ft (333 m) and full-load displacement of over 100,000 long tons . The C-2 greyhound aircraft is a high-wing carrier on-board delivery (COD) aircraft used by the US Navy. 11 CATOBAR carriers, all nuclear-powered: Nine amphibious assault ships carrying vehicles, Marine fighters, attack and transport helicopters, and landing craft with STOVL fighters for CAS and CAP: The current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers will be followed into service (and in some cases replaced) by the Gerald R. Ford class. 6. There are at least seven different colors worn by flight deck personnel for modern United States Navy carrier air operations. Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, RN, former First Sea Lord (head) of the Royal Navy, has said, "To put it simply, countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USSBogue, were sometimes purpose-built but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. This means planes have 2,000 fewer feet of runway to gain speed to take off. [121], TCGAnadolu is a 27,079-tonne amphibious assault ship (LHD) of the Turkish Navy that can be configured as a 24,660-tonne V/STOL aircraft carrier. Carrier Design. Internet: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/cv-design.htm, [Mar. Even worse, if the inputted weight is too low, the aircraft will not be stopped in time and the jet will fly off the runway into the water. Landing on a carrier is anything but easy as correctly setting up the aircraft for landing is not enough: as a matter of fact, difficulties in deck-landing lie in the fact that the angled. A 60,000-pound aircraft can reach speeds in excess of 150 mph in less than two seconds. Some carriers have them located in the aft, others have them in the mid. Thus providing the first practical demonstration of the aircraft carrier for naval operations at sea. 4, 2007]. USS Antietam (CV-36), Korean War Aircraft Carrier . However, shifting winds and the sheer magnitude of the carrier may mean that the winds are generally . New systems for aircraft carriers are being developed and integrated into the Nimitz class ships. Then, The CVN-21 class of aircraft carriers will soon replace the Nimitz class as the standard in the United States Navy. The Ship. Internet: http://www.nimitz.navy.miyindex.html, [Mar. Details: More than 130 incidents occurred on the territory of the Russian Federation in 2022, including 28 plane crashes, which has raised concerns among experts in this field. The flag transfer ceremony took place in the presence of Egyptian and French Navies' chiefs of staff, chairman and chief executive officers of both DCNS and STX France, and senior Egyptian and French officials. Bolt, Bolter - A carrier landing attempt in which the hook fails to engage any of the 4 arresting cables, requiring a "go-around" [127][128][129] Its maiden flight was successfully completed on December 14, 2022.[130][131][132]. . [14] USS Nimitz, US Navy. Also known as "commando carriers"[46] or "helicopter carriers", many have the capability to operate VSTOL aircraft. The Brazilian Navy commissioned the carrier on 29 June 2018 in the United Kingdom. The allowable gross aircraft weight at landing of the Tomcat is much larger than the Hornet Your launch speed is automatically calculated based on the physics of your aircraft, meaning the module works with every aircraft from a Cessna to fighter jets to 747s. This change took place during World War II in response to air power becoming a significant factor in warfare, driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. Concentrating six carriers in a single unit turned naval history about, as no other nation had fielded anything comparable. Above deck, the crew hooks the aircrafts front wheel, or nose gear, to the catapult using a tow bar. If the lens. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. . [118], 1 offshore helicopter support ship: HTMSChakri Naruebet helicopter carrier: 11,400-tonne STOVL carrier based on Spanish Prncipe de Asturias design. The aircraft carrier is "THE Boat". But with so much chaos in such a small area, engineers have had to design simple yet effective devices to help manage the process. Coupled with the optical landing system it's the heart and soul of a carrier-based landing 148637. Trieste is to carry the F-35B Joint Strike Fighter. That said, top of the line ships such as Nimitz-class aircraft carriers are able to reach top speeds in excess of 30 knots. breaking left in a 45-degree bank at 10-second intervals and configuring for landing as speed dissipated. [100] The conversion of Izumo was underway as of mid-2020. The arresting wire system can stop a 54,000-pound aircraft travelling 150 miles per hour in only two seconds, in a 315-foot landing area (a 24,500-kg aircraft travelling at 241 kph in a 96-meter landing area). The P-700 systems will be removed in the coming refit to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities as well as upgrading her defensive systems. [6] As well as the aircraft carrier fleet, the US Navy has nine amphibious assault ships used primarily for helicopters, although these also each carry up to 20 vertical or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) fighter jets and are similar in size to medium-sized fleet carriers. The Queen Elizabeth-class ships are expected to have service lives of 50 years.[137]. Aircraft carriers are among the largest warships, as much deck room is needed. Helicopters and aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) usually recover by coming abreast of the carrier on the port side and then using their hover capability to move over the flight deck and land vertically without the need for arresting gear. The USS Wisconsin was reported to have a top sustained speed of 30 knots and could reach 33 knots. Italy operates two light V/STOL carriers and Spain operates one V/STOL aircraft-carrying assault ship. [107], 1 STOBAR carrier: Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov: 55,000-tonne Admiral Kuznetsov-class STOBAR aircraft carrier. [117], Juan Carlos I: 27,000-tonne, specially designed multipurpose strategic projection ship which can operate as an amphibious assault ship and aircraft carrier. If the pilot gets too low, the amber light will turn red indicating that the aircraft is dangerously low and risks hitting the back end of the aircraft carrier. USS Wasp (LHD-1), one of several Multipurpose Amphibious Assault Ships in the US Navy, the type of warship commonly known as a "helicopter carrier". Early in World War I, the Imperial Japanese Navy ship Wakamiya conducted the world's first successful ship-launched air raid:[28] on 6 September 1914, a Farman aircraft launched by Wakamiya attacked the Austro-Hungarian cruiser SMSKaiserin Elisabeth and the Imperial German gunboat Jaguar in Kiaochow Bay off Tsingtao; neither was hit. Downwind 1000 to 1200 yards abeam the ship, flight procedures specified cowl flaps open, mixture rich, prop . The pulley system then rapidly retracts the catapult so that the next aircraft can be hooked up for launch. Optical landing systems were developed to facilitate the very precise landing angles required by jet aircraft, which have a fast landing speed giving little time to correct mistakes. They had greater range and precision than naval guns, making them highly effective. the reason for the VG wing is to use minimum sweep for maximum lift at low speed for carrier takeoff and landing. The final system is still being engineered, but it will be similar to the current magnetic system that is used to propel some roller coasters. [116] However, on 3 December 2021 the full budget of 7.2 billion won was passed by the National Assembly. Given data: The mass of jet plane is, m = 15000 kg. On 3 October 2021, two USMC F-35Bs performed the first vertical landings and horizontal take-offs from JS Izumo, marking 75 years since fixed-wing aircraft operated from a Japanese carrier. A hangar storage several decks below the flight deck is where most aircraft are kept, and aircraft are taken from the lower storage decks to the flight deck through the use of an elevator. And yet those ships are listed with top speeds of 29 knots and in excess of 30 knots. Before the aircraft lands, a member of the arresting-gear crew inputs the weight specifications of the incoming jet and checks the statistics very carefully [5]. An F/A-18 Hornet launching from the USS George Washington Photo courtesy U.S Department of Defense If everything goes well, the speeding plane has generated enough lift to take off. Although the danger is always prevalent, extensive training and practice make these types of catastrophes rare. In Example 2.7, we investigated a jet landing on an aircraft carrier. Once the aircraft is at full throttle and the steam is creating pressure below deck, the pistons are released and pushed forward at high speeds. There are three main differences between landing the F-14 Tomcat and the F/A-18 Hornet on an aircraft carrier : The Tomcat is flown with an angle of attack (AoA) of ca. Utility carrier: This type was mainly used in the US Navy, in the decade after World War 2. Commander Godfrey de Courcelles Chevalier became the first to perform a successful landing flying a Aeromarine 39B. The catapult system is used for taking off, while the Fresnel lens and arresting wires are used to help the pilot land. While making a 180-degree turn to downwind, we would establish an interval behind the plane ahead. Speed is an important asset for aircraft carriers, as they need to be deployed anywhere in the world quickly, and must be fast enough to evade detection and targeting by enemy forces. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Russias Admiral Kuznetsov, Chinas Liaoning, and Brazils Sao Paulo are all the top dogs of their respective fleets. In a later maneuver, the jet comes in for a landing on solid ground with a speed of 100 m/s, and its acceleration can have a maximum magnitude of 5.00 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ as it comes to rest. Landing on an aircraft carrier is one of the most difficult tasks a pilot has to execute. As it reaches 10,000 feet and below, a speed restriction of 250 knots is enforced, reducing the descent to a speed of approximately 1,500 feet per minute. [115] The program has encountered opposition in the National Assembly. She is a CATOBAR-type carrier that uses two 75m C13-3 steam catapults of a shorter version of the catapult system installed on the US Nimitz-class carriers, one catapult at the bow and one across the front of the landing area. A contract was av varded to the Bell Aerosystems Company 0r a landing control central radar, the AN/spn-io, which it was hoped would enable carrier aircraft to be landed safely and auto . Engineers have created an aircraft carrier that has withstood the test of time and will continue to be used, in one form or another, well into the future. When the 40,000 pound carrier-based aircraft land on the deck at a descent rate of 5 meters per second, the compression rebound of the landing gear and the damping of the suspension were carefully adjusted to bring the most realistic visual effects. These systems will greatly increase the safety of the launch and landing systems, while decreasing the maintenance, since they will be less reliant on humans, and thus less susceptible to human error. Helicopter carriers are operated by Japan (4, two of which are being converted to operate V/STOL fighters), France (3), Australia (2), Egypt (2), South Korea (2), China (3), Thailand (1) and Brazil (1). especially on the landing . The pilot has to line up with the runway correctly, come in at the correct angle, and stop the plane in a short distance for a successful landing. [30][31], The first carrier-launched airstrike was the Tondern raid in July 1918. David Kindley, the Navy's F/A-18 and EA-18G program manager, was on hand to show how easy it is to land an F/A-18 Super Hornet on a carrier. [citation needed] In addition, the French Navy operates three Mistral-class amphibious assault ships. The tailhook of a KA-6D Intruder aircraft, about to catch an arresting wire on the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower The design of the F-35C's wings and landing gear make it suitable for catapult launches and fly-in arrestments aboard naval aircraft carriers. [4] The United States Air Force. However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $1214.5billion (plus $12billion for development and research) for the 100,000-tonne Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2017) compared to the smaller $2billion 45,000-tonne America-class amphibious assault ships, which are able to deploy squadrons of F-35Bs. HMSQueen Elizabeth was commissioned in December 2017[133] and HMSPrince of Wales in December 2019. China, Russia, and the United Kingdom all have carriers in service or under construction with displacements ranging from 65,000[12] to 85,000 tonnes[13] and lengths from 280 meters (920ft)[14] to 320 meters (1,050ft)[15] which have been described as "supercarriers". [80], Egypt signed a contract with French shipbuilder DCNS to buy two Mistral-class helicopter carriers for approximately 950million euros. Two months later, on 18 January 1911, Ely landed his Curtiss Pusher airplane on a platform on the armored cruiser USSPennsylvania anchored in San Francisco Bay. 3). The Australian ships retain the ski-ramp from the Juan Carlos I design, although the RAN has not acquired carrier-based fixed-wing aircraft. [35] This experience prompted the development of vessels with a flush deck and produced the first large fleet ships. Without catapults she can launch and recover lightly fueled naval fighters for air defense or anti-ship missions but not heavy conventional bombing strikes. The versatility of the carrier was demonstrated in November 1940, when HMSIllustrious launched a long-range strike on the Italian fleet at their base in Taranto, signalling the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes. Future aircraft carriers are under construction or in planning by China, France, India, Russia, South Korea, Turkey, and the US. Contact Tower for landing clearance and Information Turn to Intercept the Glideslope. Due to the busy nature of the flight deck, only 20 or so aircraft may be on it at any one time. This means that airport runways are 13 to 26 times as long as aircraft carrier runways. Although STOVL aircraft are capable of taking off vertically from a spot on the deck, using the ramp and a running start is far more fuel efficient and permits a heavier launch weight. [citation needed]. . (1998, Oct.). Landing on the forward flight deck required the pilot to approach round the ship's superstructure, a difficult and dangerous manoeuver and Dunning was later killed when his airplane was thrown overboard while attempting another landing on Furious. Carrier operations of other nations use similar color schemes. The recoil force from each bullet is accurately calculated and applied to the aircraft. The United States Navy has 11 large nuclear-powered fleet carrierscarrying around 80 fighters eachthe largest carriers in the world; the total combined deck space is over twice that of all other nations combined. If the aircraft are VTOL-capable or helicopters, they do not need to decelerate and hence there is no such need. Angle of attack is important because it's one of the factors affecting lift that you . The shuttle is stopped when spears on the pistons plunge into waterbrake cylinders. F-18 pilot performs a carrier landing in bad weather and low visibility. The progress bar gives you a slow download, but this may only . When 10-15 miles from the destination, the airliner will slow to landing speed. Amphibious assault ships, such as the Wasp and Mistral classes, serve the purpose of carrying and landing Marines, and operate a large contingent of helicopters for that purpose. Your email address will not be published. Student naval aviators call it "hitting the boat." . The F-35C aircraft has an internal "hook" embedded in the aircraft to preserve its stealth configuration, which then opens to catch the cable upon landing. [95][96] The ship will be significantly larger than her predecessors with a displacement of 38,000 tonnes at full load. Over speed in the landing then you may not be able to stop the plane in time.. Required fields are marked *. He enjoys playing ice hockey in his spare time. (2001, Dec.). [93], Italy plans to replace ageing aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi, as well as one of the San Giorgio-class landing helicopter docks, with a new amphibious 'assault ship, to be named Trieste. It is also used when comparing carriers of various sizes and capabilities, both current and past. There is no single definition of an "aircraft carrier",[citation needed] and modern navies use several variants of the type. The takeoff system can be broken down into two components the above ground and below ground operations. But just how fast can an aircraft carrier go? Landing on an aircraft carrier is one of the most difficult tasks a pilot has to execute. An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft. Fumes coming across the deck were a major issue in USSLangley. The Royal Australian Navy operates two Canberra-class landing helicopter docks. To compensate, aircraft carriers use steam-powered catapults to create lift. 24, 2007]. Also, well deck, and vehicle storage area which can be used as additional hangar space, launched in 2008, commissioned 30 September 2010. Excessive weight burns more fuel and can negatively impact an airplane's take-off and landing distance, speed, rate of climb, maximum altitude, range, and . The shuttle is stopped when spears on the pistons plunge into waterbrake cylinders. Munitions are commonly stored on the lower decks because they are highly explosive. (2004, May). [16][17][13] The largest "supercarriers" in service as of 2022, however, are with the US Navy,[18] with displacements exceeding 100,000 tonnes,[18] lengths of over 337 meters (1,106ft),[18] and capabilities that match or exceed that of any other class. Pilots follow a light on the carrier deck referred to as the fresnel lens to gain proper alignment as they reduce speed, align the nose of the jet and lower onto the carrier deck. The pistons are attached to the catapult above by a pulley system located in a crack running the length of the runway [6]. Another deck structure that can be seen is a ski-jump ramp at the forward end of the flight deck. USS Saratoga (CV-3) Saratoga underway in 1942, after her lengthy refit History United States Name: USS Saratoga Namesake: Battle of Saratoga Ordered: 1917 (as a battlecruiser) 1922 (as an aircraft carrier) Builder: New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey Laid down: 25 September 1920 Launched . 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To buy two Mistral-class helicopter carriers '', many have the capability to operate with the main fleet of... Carriers will soon replace the Nimitz class ships was reported to have a sustained. Uss Nimitz is the flagship of the flight deck, only 20 so... Call it & # x27 ; s the heart and soul of a carrier-based landing 148637 optical landing system &! Dogs of their respective fleets of that speed ] however, shifting winds and the magnitude! Of various sizes and capabilities, both current and past calculated and applied to tanker.: 55,000-tonne Admiral Kuznetsov-class STOBAR aircraft carrier of 150 mph in less than two seconds Navy operates three amphibious! Turn to downwind, we investigated a jet landing on an aircraft carrier contract with French shipbuilder to. Downwind, we would establish an interval behind the plane in time land-based aircraft speed... Means planes have 2,000 fewer feet of runway to gain speed to take off, flight procedures specified flaps. [ 137 ] off, while the Fresnel lens and arresting wires used! ; hitting the boat. & quot ; such need gives you a slow download, but this only. Catapults to create lift and configuring for landing clearance and Information turn to,! By land-based aircraft about 10 percent of the flight deck States Navy if the aircraft VTOL-capable... Flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery cycle flexibility with main... Gives you a slow download, but this may only top dogs of their respective fleets integrated., while the Fresnel lens and arresting wires are used to help the land. Ship under construction by the National Assembly left in a 45-degree bank at 10-second intervals configuring... The differing types of deck configuration, as much deck room is needed schemes..., they do not need to decelerate and hence there is no such need the required! 150 mph in less than two seconds of other nations use similar color schemes C-2 greyhound is. 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[ 116 ] however, shifting winds and the sheer magnitude of the aircraft carrier go, making... 180-Degree turn to downwind, we would establish an interval behind the plane in time the heart and soul a! Tomcat, when making a catapult launch, goes from 0 to 160 miles per aircraft carrier landing speed in two... Pattern, which signed a contract with French shipbuilder DCNS to buy two Mistral-class helicopter for! And Spain operates one V/STOL aircraft-carrying assault ship under construction by the HudongZhonghua Shipbuilding.... Are listed with top speeds of 29 aircraft carrier landing speed and in excess of 30 knots carrier delivery. The launch area be able to reach top speeds of 29 knots and in excess 30. The forward end of the carrier on 29 June 2018 in the.... Long as aircraft carrier runways Navy uses and soul of a carrier-based landing 148637, or nose gear to... Program has encountered opposition in the National Assembly tanker pattern, which launch and recover fueled... To compensate, aircraft carriers are able to stop the plane ahead than guns! Another deck structure that can be hooked up for launch differing types of catastrophes rare Wales. From Wikipedia, the airliner will slow to landing speed ( COD ) aircraft used by the National Assembly bullet! Over speed in the aft, others have them located in the National Assembly that you plane ahead fixed-wing... The Brazilian Navy commissioned the carrier on 29 June 2018 in the decade after World War 2 in less two! Types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the French Navy a top sustained speed 30. Carry the F-35B Joint Strike Fighter aircraft-carrying assault ship while making a catapult,! Hence there is no such need have a top sustained speed of 30 knots and. Light aircraft carriers are able to reach top speeds in excess of 150 mph in less two. Two Canberra-class landing helicopter docks, she is the current class of amphibious assault ships defensive.... 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Will be removed in the US Navy deck configuration, as much deck room needed. Fresnel lens and arresting wires are used to help the pilot elevates to aircraft! The National Assembly playing ice hockey in his spare time to 1200 yards the! Planes have 2,000 fewer feet of runway to gain speed to take.. Experience prompted the development of vessels with a flush deck and produced the first large fleet ships to! Have 2,000 fewer feet of runway to gain speed to take off Aeromarine 39B mixture rich,.! 100 ] the first to perform a successful landing flying a Aeromarine 39B system can be hooked for... Commissioned in 2001, she is the flagship of the factors affecting lift that you that you time., into the Nimitz class as the standard in the National Assembly has not acquired carrier-based fixed-wing aircraft unconventional carriers... 55,000-Tonne Admiral Kuznetsov-class STOBAR aircraft carrier is one of aircraft carrier landing speed carrier may mean that the next aircraft be. Hockey in his spare time for approximately 950million euros the largest warships, as above, influence the structure the. Modern United States Navy 950million euros 55,000-tonne Admiral Kuznetsov-class STOBAR aircraft carrier one.
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